Zusammenfassung
Hinterground: Das Ziel der Studie bestand darin, systematisch zu untersuchen: i) die Gründe und
Komplikationen, die zu einer i. v.-Portsystemexplantation führten, ii) eine spezifische
Therapieoption (Taurolingabe via i. v.-Portsystem) im Falle einer i. v.-Portsysteminfektion
in einer Pilotstudie hinsichtlich Machbarkeit und Wirksamkeit zur Explantationsvermeidung.
Patienten und Methoden: Anhand einer prospektiven, unizentrischen Beobachtungsstudie zur Implantation des
i. v.-Portsystems (klinischer Alltag) unter Einschluss konsekutiver Patienten repräsentativer
Anzahl über einen definierten Zeitraum (Design: Fallserie) wurden neben patienten-
und interventionsspezifischen Charakteristika: 1. das Ursachenspektrum der i. v.-Portexplantation
eruiert; 2. bei einer ausgewählten Patientengruppe aufeinanderfolgender Fälle mit
mikrobiologisch nachgewiesener i. v.-Portinfektion eine konservative, i. v.-Portsystem-erhaltende,
endoluminal-antiseptisch ausgerichtete Lokaltherapie im Sinne der separaten klinischen
Anwenderbeobachtung untersucht (Schema: 2 × 5,0 ml Taurolin 2,0 % / d für 3 d) und
einer vergleichenden mikrobiologischen Erregerdetektion post applicationem (Blutkultur
vs. i. v.-Portkatheter) gegenübergestellt. Ergebnisse: Von 2002–2005 wurden in der Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie (Universitätsklinikum
Magdeburg) 1588 Portsysteme implantiert. 1. Insgesamt wurden 117 Patienten (69 Frauen
vs. 48 Männer; Geschlechtsverhältnis: 1,44 : 1) mit einer Komplikation und indizierter
i. v.-Portexplantation eruiert (häufigste Ursache: i. v.-Portinfektionen mit 40 %).
2. Davon wurden 10 Patienten mit Taurolin therapiert und nachuntersucht: Bei 8 von
10 Patienten (Erfolgsrate: 80 %) konnte durch die Taurolin-Gabe eine i. v.-Portinfektion
erfolgreich behandelt und eine Entfernung des i. v.-Portsystems bei guter Tolerabilität
vermieden werden. Schlussfolgerung: Es ergab sich ein überraschend breites Spektrum von Indikationen für eine i. v.-Portsystemexplantation,
wobei teilweise deren scharfe ätiologische Eingrenzung essenziell für die Prävention
von Langzeitkonsequenzen ist. Eine i. v.-Portsysteminfektion als Hauptursache für
eine indizierte Explantation kann unter engmaschiger klinischer und mikrobiologischer
Kontrolle in ausgewählten Fällen durch Taurolin effektiv behandelt werden in Bestätigung
anderer Autoren. Die bisher zwingend erscheinende Operation zur Entfernung des i. v.-Portsystems
kann so umgangen werden. Eine weiterführende systematische Fallserie mit repräsentativer
Fallzahl sowie kurz- bis mittelfristige, fallspezifische Verlaufskontrollen sind jedoch
empfehlenswert.
Abstract
Background: The aims of this systematic investigation were to analyse i) causes and complications
leading to i. v. port-a-cath explantation and ii) a specific therapeutic option (taurolin
administration via i. v. port-a-cath) in the case of an i. v. port-a-cath infection
in a pilot study with regard to the feasibility and efficacy to finally avoid explantation.
Patients and Methods: Based on a prospective, unicentre observational study on the implantation of an
i. v. port-a-cath (daily surgical practice) enrolling consecutive patients of a representative
number and through a defined study period (design, case series), besides patient and
intervention-associated characteristics, we investigated 1. the spectrum of causes
for an i. v. port-a-cath explantation; 2. the option of a conservative i. v. port-a-cath-maintaining,
endoluminal, antiseptic local therapy in a selected number of patients with microbiologically
detected infection of the i. v. port-a-cath using 2 × 5.0 ml Taurolin 2.0 % / d for
3 d as an accompanying clinical observation of initial therapeutic use and its effect.
Thereafter, microbe detection was again compared between blood culture and the port-a-cath
catheter. Results: From 2002 to 2005, overall 1588 i. v. port-a-caths were implanted at the Department
of General, Abdominal and Vascular Surgery (University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany).
1) In total, 117 patients (69 females vs. 48 males; sex ratio, 1.44 : 1) with complications
and subsequent indication for an explantation of the i. v. port-a-cath were observed
(most frequent cause: infection of the i. v. port-a-cath, 40 %). 2) Taken together,
10 patients underwent systematic administration of taurolin and follow-up investigation:
In 8 of 10 patients (success rate, 80 %), the infection of the i. v. port-a-cath could
be successfully treated with taurolin adminsitration as described and, in addition,
the threatening explantation of the i. v. port-a-cath could be avoided. Conclusions: There are various indications for the necessary explantation of an i. v. port-a-cath,
which need to be precisely analysed to avoid long-term consequences. Infection of
the i. v. port-a-cath is the main reason for explantation and may be successfully
treated with taurolin in selected cases under short-term clinical and microbiological
control. The up to now urgently indicated explantation of an i. v. port-a-cath
can thus be circumvented. However, a further systematic case series with a representative
case number and intermediate, case-specific follow-up investigations appear to be
desirable.
Schlüsselwörter
intravenöses Portsystem (i. v.-Port) - Infektion - Taurolin - Antibiotikum - Thrombose
- totale parenterale Nutrition (TPN)
Key words
i. v. port-a-cath - i. v. port-a-cath infection - taurolin - antibiotics - thrombosis
- total parenteral nutrition
Literatur
1
Attar A, Messing B.
Evidence-based prevention of catheter infection during parenteral nutrition.
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care.
2001;
4
211-218
2
Badia J M, Whawell S A, Scott-Coombes D M et al.
Peritoneal and systemic cytokine response to laparotomy.
Br J Surg.
1996;
83
347-348
3
Bedrosian I, Sofia R D, Wolff S M et al.
Taurolidine, an analogue of the amino acid taurine, suppresses interleukin 1 and tumor
necrosis factor synthesis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Cytokine.
1991;
3
568-575
4
Betjes M G, van Agteren M.
Prevention of dialysis catheter-related sepsis with a citrate-taurolidine-containing
lock solution.
Nephrol Dial Transplant.
2004;
19
1546-1551
5
Biffi R, de Braud F, Orsi F et al.
Totally implantable central venous access ports for long-term chemotherapy. A prospective
study analyzing complications and costs of 333 devices with a minimum follow-up of
180 days.
Ann Oncol.
1998;
9
767-773
6
Blackshear P J, Dorman F D, Blackshear Jr P L et al.
A permanently implantable self-recycling low flow constant rate multipurpose infusion
pump of simple design.
Surg Forum.
1970;
21
136-137
7
Blackshear P J, Dorman F D, Blackshear Jr P L et al.
The design and initial testing of an implantable infusion pump.
Surg Gynecol Obstet.
1972;
134
51-56
8
Bong J J, Kite P, Wilco M H et al.
Prevention of catheter related bloodstream infection by silver iontophoretic central
venous catheters: a randomised controlled trial.
J Clin Pathol.
2003;
56
731-735
9
Chang C L, Chen H H, Lin S E.
Catheter fracture and cardiac migration – an unusual fracture site of totally implantable
venous devices: report of two cases.
Chang Gung Med J.
2005;
28
425-430
10
Cicalini S, Palmieri F, Petrosillo N.
Clinical review: new technologies for prevention of intravascular catheter-related
infections.
Crit Care.
2004;
8
157-162
11
Darouiche R O, Raad I I, Heard S O et al.
A comparison of two antimicrobial-impregnated central venous catheters. Catheter Study
Group.
N Engl J Med.
1999;
340
1-8
12
DiCarlo I, Fisichella P, Russello D et al.
Catheter fracture and cardiac migration: a rare complication of totally implantable
venous devices.
J Surg Oncol.
2000;
73
172-173
13
Faintuch J, Waitzberg D L, Bertevello P L et al.
Infections of central venous catheters.
Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo.
1995;
50
52-54
14
Garland J S, Alex C P, Mueller C D et al.
A randomized trial comparing povidone-iodine to a chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated
dressing for prevention of central venous catheter infections in neonates.
Pediatrics.
2001;
107
1431-1436
15
Gowda M R, Gowda R M, Khan I A et al.
Positional ventricular tachycardia from a fractured mediport catheter with right ventricular
migration – a case report.
Angiology.
2004;
55
557-560
16
Guedon C, Nouvellon M, Lalaude O et al.
Efficacy of antibiotic-lock technique with teicoplanin in staphylococcus epidermidis
catheter-related sepsis during long-term parenteral nutrition.
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr.
2002;
26
109-113
17
Hurwitz H.
Integrating the anti-VEGF-A humanized monoclonal antibody bevacizumab with chemotherapy
in advanced colorectal cancer.
Clin Colorectal Cancer.
2004;
4 Suppl 2
S62-S68
18
Jacobi C A, Sabat R, Ordemann J et al.
Peritoneal instillation of taurolidine and heparin for preventing intraperitoneal
tumor growth and trocar metastases in laparoscopic operations in the rat model.
Langenbecks Arch Chir.
1997;
382
S31-S36
19
Johnston D A, Adal K A.
Taurolin for the prevention of parenteral nutrition related infection: antimicrobial
activity and long term use.
Clinical Nutrition.
1993;
12
365-368
20
Jurewitsch B, Jeejeebhoy K N.
Taurolidine lock: the key to prevention of recurrent catheter-related bloodstream
infections.
Clin Nutr.
2005;
24
462-465
21
Jurewitsch B, Lee T, Park J et al.
Taurolidine 2 % as an antimicrobial lock solution for prevention of recurrent catheter-related
bloodstream infections.
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr.
1998;
22
242-244
22
Koldehoff M, Zakrzewski J L.
Taurolidine is effective in the treatment of central venous catheter-related bloodstream
infections in cancer patients.
Int J Antimicrob Agents.
2004;
24
491-495
23
Liu J C, Tseng H S, Chen C Y et al.
Percutaneous retrieval of 20 centrally dislodged Port-A catheter fragments.
Clin Imaging.
2004;
28
223-229
24
Maki D G, Stolz S M, Wheeler S et al.
Prevention of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection by use of an antiseptic-impregnated
catheter. A randomized, controlled trial.
Ann Intern Med.
1997;
127
257-266
25
Mermel L A.
Prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections.
Ann Intern Med.
2000;
132
391-402
26
Mermel L A, Farr B M, Sherertz R J et al.
Guidelines for the management of intravascular catheter-related infections.
J Intraven Nurs.
2001;
24
180-205
27
O'Grady N P, Alexander M, Dellinger E P et al.
Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.
2002;
23
759-769
28
Pross M, Nestler G, Kuhn R et al.
Reduziertes Tumorwachstum durch Taurolidin.
Chirurgische Allgemeine Zeitung.
2001;
12
459-465
29
Raad I, Darouiche R, Dupuis J et al.
Central venous catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin for the prevention of
catheter-related colonization and bloodstream infections. A randomized, double-blind
trial. The Texas Medical Center Catheter Study Group.
Ann Intern Med.
1997;
127
267-274
30
Raad I I, Hanna H A, Boktour M et al.
Catheter-related vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia: clinical and
molecular epidemiology.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.
2005;
26
658-661
31
Rijnders B J, Van Wijngaerden E, Vandecasteele S J et al.
Treatment of long-term intravascular catheter-related bacteraemia with antibiotic
lock: randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
J Antimicrob Chemother.
2005;
55
90-94
32
Scappaticci F A, Fehrenbacher L, Cartwright T et al.
Surgical wound healing complications in metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated
with bevacizumab.
J Surg Oncol.
2005;
91
173-180
33
Schummer W, Schummer C, Schelenz C.
Case report: the malfunctioning implanted venous access device.
Br J Nurs.
2003;
12
210
212-214
34
Shah C B, Mittelman M W, Costerton J W et al.
Antimicrobial activity of a novel catheter lock solution.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
2002;
46
1674-1679
35
Sherertz R J, Raad I I, Belani A et al.
Three-year experience with sonicated vascular catheter cultures in a clinical microbiology
laboratory.
J Clin Microbiol.
1990;
28
76-82
36
Steiger E.
Home parenteral nutrition. Components, application, and complications.
Postgrad Med.
1984;
75
95-102
37
Terra R M, Plopper C, Waitzberg D L et al.
Remaining small bowel length: association with catheter sepsis in patients receiving
home total parenteral nutrition: evidence of bacterial translocation.
World J Surg.
2000;
24
1537-1541
38
Vescia S, Baumgärtner A K, Jacobs V R et al.
Management of venous port systems in oncology: a review of current evidence.
Ann Oncol.
2008;
19
9-15
39
Willatts S M, Radford S, Leitermann M.
Effect of the antiendotoxic agent, taurolidine, in the treatment of sepsis syndrome:
a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.
Crit Care Med.
1995;
23
1033-1039
40
Woltmann A, Schult M, Schiedeck T et al.
Peritoneal lavage in standardized peritonitis models.
Zentralbl Chir.
1999;
124
195-198
1 Beide Autoren sind gleichberechtigt als Erstautoren an der Erstellung des Manuskriptes
beteiligt.
Dr. med. M. Weber
Gefäßchirurgischer Arbeitsbereich · Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie
· Universitätsklinikum
Leipziger Straße 44
39120 Magdeburg
Telefon: 03 91 / 6 71 56 66
Fax: 03 91 / 6 71 55 41
eMail: mathias.weber@med.ovgu.de